Thursday, December 26, 2024

46,000 Year Old Frozen Worms

Nematodes. Image courtesy CSIRO, CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
Your freezer doesn't kill germs like high temperatures in an oven does, it only slows down their metabolism so the reproduce more slowly. One of the the reasons germs are a hazard is because they manufacture toxins as waste products. Therefore, even cooking food at normal temperatures that has "gone off", while killing the germs, doesn't necessarily render those toxins harmless. If you've ever put tomatoes or other watery food in a freezer, you'll know that they become mushy when thawed. That's because all living things are built from cells, just like Lego. The cells are like capsules of water which burst when water expands on freezing, causing a loss of structural integrity and limpness in a fruit such as a tomato (Is it a fruit or veg? That's another argument!). Half-hardy flowers such as petunias are damaged by frost for the same reason, but hardy flowers have "anti-freeze" in their cells. This prevents the cellular fluid from freezing at low temperatures, so the plants can withstand severe frosts. Possibly this is the mechanism by which this worm survived 46,000 years in permafrost, having evolved and achieved this survival technique.